Ludzie pragną czasami się rozstawać, żeby móc tęsknić, czekać i cieszyć się z powrotem.
The disability
discrimination legislation applies to employers
■
reforms of the employment tribunals system,
with 15 or more employees. In Northern Ireland
including provision for cost recovery for
discrimination in employment, training and
management time in vexatious cases;
related matters on grounds of religious belief or
political opinion is also unlawful. Legislation is
■
requirements on employers to provide statutory
currently being introduced to implement the EC
grievance procedures at the workplace to help
Article 13 Employment Directive, which will
resolve disputes;
extend protection against discrimination in
employment and training to cover sexual
■
requirements on employees, in most cases, to
orientation and religion by 2003 and age by 2006.
begin these procedures before taking a
complaint to a tribunal;
The purpose of the Equal Pay Act 1970 is to
eliminate pay discrimination between women and
■
changes to the way tribunals calculate awards,
men, when doing work that is the same or broadly
to take into account whether the procedures
similar, work which is rated as equivalent, or work
have been used; and
which is of equal value.
■
rights to time off for trade union learning
The Disability Rights Commission, the Equal
representatives.
Opportunities Commission and the Commission
An Employment Bill making similar provision for
4 The statutory redundancy payment is calculated according to a
maternity, paternity and adoption leave and pay in
formula based on a person’s age, the number of years of
Northern Ireland is currently before the Northern
continuous service up to a maximum of 20 years and his or her
Ireland Assembly.
weekly pay up to the current maximum of £250 per week.
However, many employers pay more than the statutory amount.
134
Social and cultural affairs
11 The labour market
Employment tribunals
those in employment was 26.8 per cent
Employment tribunals in Great Britain have
(29.0 per cent in 1995).
jurisdiction over complaints covering a range of
employment rights, including unfair dismissal,
Trade union membership is more prevalent
redundancy pay, equal pay, and sex and race
among older employees, those with long service
discrimination. New tribunal regulations,
and those in the public sector. By occupation,
including provisions designed to deter cases with
union membership is highest among
weak claims and defences, took effect in July 2001.
professionals, nearly half of whom were trade
Further reforms will be brought about by the
union members in 2001. The long-term decline
Employment Act 2002 when the provisions in Part
in membership has been particularly noticeable
Two of the Act are brought into force. Tribunals
where membership has traditionally been high –
received over 112,000 applications in 2001/02.
among male employees, manual workers and
Northern Ireland has a separate tribunal system.
those in production industries. Public
administration has the highest density of union
Labour disputes
members, around 60 per cent of all employees.
In the past 20 years there has been a substantial
Sectors with relatively few union members
decline in working days lost through labour
include agriculture, forestry and fishing, hotels
disputes. In the year to March 2002 there were 165
and restaurants, and wholesale and retail trade.
stoppages of work arising from labour disputes in
the UK, and 584,400 working days were lost as a
The largest union in the United Kingdom is the
result. Stoppages over working conditions
public service union UNISON which has around
accounted for 43 per cent of days lost, compared
1.3 million members. Other unions with
with 34 per cent due to disputes over pay. During
membership over 500,000 are:
this period 51 per cent of working days lost were
in the public administration and defence sector,
■
Amicus – a new union formed in January
with the next highest sector being transport,
2002 by the merger of the Amalgamated
storage and communication, at 17 per cent.
Engineering and Electrical Union and the
Manufacturing, Science and Finance union;
Trade unions and employers’
■
the Transport and General Workers Union;
organisations
and
Trade unions
■
the GMB – a general union with members in
Trade unions have members in nearly all
a wide range of industries.
occupations. As well as negotiating pay and other
terms and conditions of employment with
At the end of March 2002 there were 199 trade
employers, they provide benefits and services, such
unions on the list maintained by the Certification