communication systems is more complex...

Strona startowa Ludzie pragną czasami się rozstawać, żeby móc tęsknić, czekać i cieszyć się z powrotem.2009-12-23 01:00 3451 3105 Oprogramowanie Systemw Pomiarowych\OSP\KursyNatInst\KursyNatInst\2012_LV Core 3\2012_LV Core 3_Solutions_2\Exercise...Publiczne instytucje finansowe odgryway wan rol w pobudzaniu aktywnoci gospodarczej take w innych krajach Europy, w ktrych sabo systemu finansowego zmuszaa...Spojrzenie na system sowotwrczy w caoci pozwala zobaczy kategorie sowotwrcze w zderzeniu z klasami semantycznymi, ktre intuicyjnie skonni bylibymy uwaa za...  Norma ISO 9001 - jest normą opisującą model systemu zapewnienia jakości , obejmujący największy zakres działalności firmy, a mianowicie :...Jakkolwiek system bezpieczestwa musi obejmowa cay kontynent europejski, to jednak przedsiwzicia regionalne i bilateralne odgrywaj donios rol...Barton-Davis wspominał, że kiedyś dręczyły go koszmary nocne związane z tym systemem, ponieważ „Nie traktowaliśmy poważnie odpowiedzialności za...aparatury nadawczo-odbiorczej o szerokim zakresie częstotliwo­ści, systemu monitoringu trideo i komory dla urządzeń zdalnie sterowanych...zabezpieczeń172Część II  Uszczelnianie systemu Nacisnąć klawisz á, wpisać w pasku wyszukiwania zabez i kliknąć pozycjęCentrum...Chapter 15: Discovering problems 945 This test system has been reasonably useful, and the exercise of creating it and putting it into use has been...System doboru osb do zawodu trenera musi ulec natychmiastowej weryfikacji (ukowski 1989)... 
 

Ludzie pragną czasami się rozstawać, żeby móc tęsknić, czekać i cieszyć się z powrotem.

Most information sources (and destinations) act as both sources and
destinations. Transmitters, receivers, channels, signals, and even messages are often layered both serialy and in
paralel such that there are multiple signals transmitted and received, even when they are converged into a
common signal stream and a common channel. Many other elaborations can be readily described.. It remains,
however, that Shannon's model is a useful abstraction that identifies the most important components of
communication and their general relationship to one another. That value is evident in its similarity to real world
pictures of the designs of new communication systems, including Bel's original sketches of the telephone, as seen
in Figure 2.
davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
3/13
09/05/12
Models of the Communication Process
Figure 2: Bel's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bel
Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)
Bel's sketch visibly contains an information source and destination, transmitters and receivers, a channel, a signal,
and an implied message (the information source is talking). What is new, in Shannon's model (aside from the
concept of noise, which is only partialy reproduced by Bel's batteries), is a formal vocabulary that is now
generaly used in describing such designs, a vocabulary that sets up both Shannon's mathematical theory of
information and a large amount of subsequent communication theory. This correspondence between Bel's sketch
and Shannon's model is rarely remarked (see Hopper, 1992 for one instance).
Shannon's model isn't realy a model of communication, however. It is, instead, a model of the flow of
information through a medium, and an incomplete and biased model that is far more applicable to the system it
maps, a telephone or telegraph, than it is to most other media. It suggests, for instance, a "push" model in which
sources of information can inflict it on destinations. In the real world of media, destinations are more typicaly
self-selecting "consumers" of information who have the ability to select the messages they are most interested in,
turn off messages that don't interest them, focus on one message in preference to other in message rich
environments, and can choose to simply not pay attention. Shannon's model depicts transmission from a
transmitter to a receiver as the primary activity of a medium. In the real world of media, messages are frequently
stored for elongated periods of time and/or modified in some way before they are accessed by the "destination".
The model suggests that communication within a medium is frequently direct and unidirectional, but in the real
world of media, communication is almost never unidirectional and is often indirect.
Derivative Models of the Communication Process
One of these shortcomings is addressed in Figure 2's intermediary model of communication (sometimes referred
to as the gatekeeper model or two-step flow (Katz, 1957)). This model, which is frequently depicted in
introductory texts in mass communication, focuses on the important role that intermediaries often play in the
communication process. Mass communication texts frequently specificaly associate editors, who decide what
stories wil fit in a newspaper or news broadcast, with this intermediary or gatekeeper role. There are, however,
davis.foulger.info/research/unifiedModelOfCommunication.htm
4/13
09/05/12
Models of the Communication Process
many intermediary roles (Foulger, 2002a) associated with communication. Many of these intermediaries have the
ability to decide what messages others see, the context in which they are seen, and when they see them. They
often have the ability, moreover, to change messages or to prevent them from reaching an audience (destination).
In extreme variations we refer to such gatekeepers as censors. Under the more normal conditions of mass media,
in which publications choose some content in preference to other potential content based on an editorial policy,
we refer to them as editors (most mass media), moderators (Internet discussion groups), reviewers (peer-
reviewed publications), or aggregators (clipping services), among other titles . Delivery workers (a postal
delivery worker, for instance) also act as intermediaries, and have the ability to act as gatekeepers, but are