Ludzie pragną czasami się rozstawać, żeby móc tęsknić, czekać i cieszyć się z powrotem.
She speaks three languages fluently.
We spoke French so that the children wouldn't understand.
His throat operation has left him unable to speak.
other cases
One usually asks to speak to somebody on the phone (US also speak with).
Hello. Could I speak to Karen, please? Talk is used before sense, nonsense and other words with similar
meanings.
You're talking complete nonsense, as usual. (NOT You're speaking complete-nonsense...)
529
spelling (I): capital letters
We use capital (big) letters at the beginning of the following kinds of words:
the names of days, months and public holidays (but not usually seasons)
Sunday March Easter
Tuesday September Christmas
(BUT summer, autumn) the names of people and places, including stars and planets
John Mars The Ritz Hotel
Mary North Africa The Super Cinema
Canada the Far East the United States
(BUT the earth, the sun, the moon) people's titles ' ' •"•••
Mr Smith Professor Blake the Managing Director
Dr Jones Colonel Webb nouns and adjectives referring to nationalities and regions, languages, ethnic
groups and religions
He's Russian. I speak German. Japanese history Catalan cooking She's Jewish. He's a Sikh.
the first word (and often other nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) in the titles of books, films, plays,
pictures, magazines etc
Gone with the Wind OR Gone with the wind
New Scientist
For more about the use of capitals with East, North etc, see 176.
page
553
- • -w- opcmilg ^^,7;*Iy 3«fU
530 spelling (2) :-ly
1 adverb formation
We normally change an adjective into an adverb by adding -ly. late —> lately real —+ really (NOT rcaly)
right-+ rightly definite —»definitely hopeful —»hopefully pale —»patefy complete —» completely (NOT
completly}
Exceptions:
true—* truly due—Y duly whole—Y wholly full—•> fully
2 yandi
-y usually changes to -i- (see 534).
happy—» happily easy—beastly dry —> drily or dryly gay—» gaily
Exceptions:
shy-»shyly sly—» slyly coy—^ coyly
3 adjectives ending in consonant + Ie
-Ie changes to -ly after a consonant.
idle —»z'dfy «ofote —»raofcfy afcfe —> a&fy
4 adjectives ending in ic
If an adjective ends in -ic, the adverb ends in -ically (pronounced /ikli/),
tragic —> tragically phonetic—* phonetically Exception:
public —»publicly
531
spelling (3): -ise and -ize
Many English verbs can be spelt with either -ise or -ize. In American English, -ize is preferred in these
cases. Examples:
realise/realize (GB) realize (US) mechanise/mechanize (GB) mechanize (US) computerise/computerize
(GB) computerize (US) baptise/baptize (GB) baptize (US)
Most words of two syllables, and some longer words, have -ise in both British and American English.
Examples:
surprise (NOT -surprize)
revise
advise
comprise
despise compromise
exercise improvise supervise televise
advertise (US also sometimes advertize)
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554
Capsize has -ize in both British and American English. Note also analyse and paralyse (US analyze and
paralyze).
If in doubt, remember that in British English -ise is almost always acceptable. For American English,
consult an American dictionary.
532 spelling (4): hyphens
1 What are hyphens?
Hyphens are the short lines (-) that we put between words in expressions like ticket-office or ex-husband.
2 two-part adjectives
We usually put a hyphen in two-part adjectives in which the second part ends in -ed or -ing.
blue-eyed broken-hearted nice-looking We also often hyphenate two-part adjectives or noun modifiers
which contain the sense of 'between'.
grey-green (= between grey and green)
the London-Paris flight
the Scotland-France match
an Anglo-American agreement
3 phrases used as adjectives
When we use a longer phrase as an adjective before a noun, we often use hyphens. Compare:
- an out-of-work miner. He's out of work.
- a shoot-to-kill policy
They were ordered to shoot to kill.
4 two-part nouns; stress
In British English, hyphens are common in two-word compound nouns when the first word has the main
stress.
a 'paper-shop (compare a paper 'bag)
some 'make-up (compare to make 'up)
'running-shoes (compare running'water)
'lorry-driver (compare hotel 'waiter)
5 prefixes
The prefixes co-, non- and ex- are sometimes separated from what follows by
hyphens.
It's a British and American co-production.
We have a policy of non-involvement.
He's one of her ex-lovers. And other prefixes may be separated by hyphens in order to avoid unusual or
misleading combinations of letters.
un-American pre-emptive counter-revolution ^
page 555
6
word division
We use a hyphen to separate the parts of a long word at the end of a written or printed line. (To see where
to divide words, look in a good dictionary.)
... is not completely in accordance with the policy of the present government, which was...
7 Are hyphens disappearing?
The rules about hyphens are complicated, and usage is not very clear. Perhaps because of this, people
seem to be using hyphens less. Many common short compounds are now often written 'solid', with no
division between the words (e.g. weekend, wideawake, takeover); other less common or longer
compounds are now more likely to be written as completely separate words (e.g. train driver, living room).
The situation at present is rather confused, and it is not unusual to find the same expression spelt in three
different ways (e.g. bookshop, book-shop, bookshop). If one is not sure whether to use a hyphen between
words or not, the best thing is to look in a ^_ dictionary, or to write the words without a hyphen.
533 spelling (5): finale
1 when finale is dropped
When an ending that begins with a vowel (e.g. -ing, -able, -ous} is added to a word that ends in -e, we
usually drop the -e.
hope —»hoping note —»notable shade —> shady make —»making fame —»famous
Some words have two possible forms before -able and -age. The form without -e is more common in most
cases.
like —»lik(e)able move —»mov(e)able love —»lov(e)able mile —»mil(e)age (more common with e]
Final -e is not dropped from words ending in -ee, -oe or -ye.
see—* seeing canoe—> canoeist agree —»agreeable dye —»dyeing
2 when final e is not dropped
Before endings that begin with a consonant, final -e is not normally dropped.
excite —»excitemen t complete —» completeness definite —> definitely
Exceptions: words ending in -lie " due-* duly true-+ truly argue —»argument
In words that end with -ce or -ge, we do not drop -e before a or o.
replace —> replaceable courage —» courageous
(BUT charge —»charging, face —> facing) }udg(e)ment and acknowledgement can be spelt with or
without the -e after g-