requirements of the U...

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S. Government’s FIPS127-2
standard and includes a “flagger” to highlight
non-standard SQL usage.
Also, Oracle8 is in evaluation by the U.S.
Government’s National Center for Secure
Computing (NCSC) to determine its compliance
with the Orange Book security criteria. Oracle7
and Trusted Oracle7 comply with the C2 and B1
Orange Book levels, respectively, as well as with
comparable European ITSEC security criteria.
Oracle also supports the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) standard for
system management. This protocol allows
administrators to manage heterogeneous systems
with a single administration interface.
manageable security
To protect against unauthorized database access
and use, Oracle provides fail-safe security
features to limit and monitor data access. These
features make it easy to manage even the most
complex design for data access.
database enforced
Oracle enforces data integrity, “business rules”
integrity
that dictate the standards for acceptable data. As
a result, the costs of coding and managing checks
in many database applications are eliminated.
distributed systems
For networked, distributed environments, Oracle
combines the data physically located on different
computers into one logical database that can be
accessed by all network users. Distributed
systems have the same degree of user
transparency and data consistency as non-
distributed systems, yet receive the advantages of
local database management.
Oracle also offers the heterogeneous option that
allows users to access data on some non-Oracle
databases transparently.
Introduction to the Oracle Server 1-3
portability
Oracle software is ported to work under different
operating systems. Applications developed for
Oracle can be ported to any operating system
with little or no modification.
compatibility
Oracle software is compatible with industry
standards, including most industry standard
operating systems. Applications developed for
Oracle can be used on virtually any system with
little or no modification.
connectibility
Oracle software allows different types of
computers and operating systems to share
information across networks.
replicated environments Oracle software lets you replicate groups of tables
and their supporting objects to multiple sites.
Oracle supports replication of both data- and
schema-level changes to these sites. Oracle’s
flexible replication technology supports basic
primary site replication as well as advanced
dynamic and shared-ownership models.
The following sections provide a comprehensive overview of the Oracle
architecture. Each section describes a different part of the overall architecture.
The Oracle Server
The Oracle Server is an object-relational database management system that
provides an open, comprehensive, and integrated approach to information
management. An Oracle Server consists of an Oracle database and an Oracle
Server instance. The following sections describe the relationship between the
database and the instance.
Structured Query Language (SQL)
SQL (pronounced SEQUEL) is the programming language that defines and
manipulates the database. SQL databases are relational databases; this means
simply that data is stored in a set of simple relations. A database can have one or more tables. And each table has columns and rows. A table that has an
employee database, for example, might have a column called employee
number and each row in that column would be an employee’s employee
number.
You can define and manipulate data in a table with SQL commands. You use
data definition language (DDL) commands to set up the data. DDL commands
include commands to creating and altering databases and tables.
1-4 Oracle8 Server Concepts
You can update, delete, or retrieve data in a table with data manipulation commands (DML). DML commands include commands to alter and fetch dat.
The most common SQL command is the SELECT command, which allows you
to retrieve data from the database.
In addition to SQL commands, the Oracle Server has a procedural language
called PL/SQL. PL/SQL enables the programmer to program SQL statements.
It allows you to control the flow of a SQL program, to use variables, and to
write error-handling procedures.
Database Structure
An Oracle database has both a physical and a logical structure. Because the
physical and logical server structure are separate, the physical storage of data can be managed without affecting the access to logical storage structures.
Physical Database Structure
An Oracle database’s physical structure is determined by the operating system
files that constitute the database. Each Oracle database is made of three types of files: one or more datafiles, two or more redo log files, and one or more
control files. The files of an Oracle database provide the actual physical storage for database information.
Logical Database Structure
An Oracle database’s logical structure is determined by:
•
one or more tablespaces. (A tablespace is a logical area of storage
explained later in this chapter.)
•